Definition
Luthans – “OB
is directly concerned with the understanding, prediction, & control of
human behaviour in organisations”.
Robbins – “OB is a field of study that investigates
the impact
that individuals, groups & structure have on behaviour
within
organisations, for
the purpose of applying such knowledge
toward improving an organisation’s
effectiveness”.
Key
elements of OB
•People
•Structure
•Technology
•environment
Levels
of analysis
•Individual
Level
•Group
Level
•Organizational
Level
Contributing
disciplines to OB
•Psychology
•Sociology
•Social
psychology
•Anthropology
•Political
science
Evolution
of OB
•Industrial
Revolution
•Scientific
Management
•Human
Relations Movement
•Hawthorne
Studies
•Organisational Behaviour.
Challenges
for OB
•Responding to globalisation: the
world has
become a global village. In this process,
managers job is changing.
•Increased
foreign assignments
•Working
with people from different cultures
•Overseeing
movement of jobs to countries with low cost labour
•Managing
people during the war on terror.
•Frequent
job hopping by employees
•The
average employee always seeks courses & programmes which will lead to self development
opportunities.
•The
average age of employee is growing younger.
•Organisation have
realised the
need of downsizing & are offering VRS.
•The
advent of MNCs have made Indian companies to wake up to adopt cutting edge
strategies to meet & beat their foreign counterparts.
•Managing workforce diversity
•The
concept that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender,
age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation & inclusion of other diverse
group.
•Embracing
diversity
•Changing
demographics
•Implications
: managers
have to shift their philosophy from treating everyone alike to recognising differences & responding to ensure
employee retention & greater productivity.
OB
Models
•Autocratic
model
•Custodial
model
•Supportive
model
•Collegial
model
Theoretical
perspective of human behaviour
•Cognitive
framework : is
the act of knowing an item of information. Edward Tolman’s work
helps to understand the cognitive approach.
•Behaviouristic
framework : this
is the outcome of the pioneering efforts of Ivan Pavlov & John B Watson.
They stressed the importance of dealing
with observable behaviours.
They used classical
conditioning
experiments to formulate (S-R) explanations of human behaviour.
Modern
behaviourism
marks its beginning with the work of B.F.Skinner. His
operant
conditioning is
based on the notion that behaviour is a
function of its consequences, which may be either +ve / -ve.
Frame
work
•Social
learning framework: People
are self aware & engage in purposeful behaviour. Learning through observation &
direct experience has been called Social learning theory. Albert
Bandura is
the most representative of this approach.
Psychoanalytical
framework
•Is
a type of personality. This argued that human behaviour is influenced more by unforeseen forces
than conscious & rational thoughts. Sigmund Fraud
developed this theory. He concluded that behaviour is mainly influenced by unconscious
framework- id, ego & super ego.
•Id – is the source of psychic energy
•Ego – is conscious part of human
personality.
•Super ego – represents system of values, norms
& ethic that guide a person to behave properly in the society.
Methods
of collecting behavioural data
•Observational
methods
•Surveys
•Experiments
•Case
studies
•interviews